Nationalism in Jesus Franco's films Research Paper

Nationalism in messiah Francos films - Research Paper ExampleJess Franco is a music director who has produced over 180 films in a span of 45 years. This essay will examine the symbolic interpretation of the Nazarene Francos films in regards to Spanish Nationalism. It similarly focuses on the reoccurring visuals and themes in Francos films including choking, bondage, mirrors, colors and repression. Spanish Nationalism insists that all Spaniards are one family and should be united as one in terms of gardening and language. Spanish nationalism has been expressed in various forms including films. Spaniards view themselves as a unique country considering that they were the first country in Europe to reach political, social and economic unity. The Spaniards, who are believed to be traditionally xenophobic, resented other nationalities in the 19th century. When discussing Spanish nationalism, it is in-chief(postnominal) to realize the meaning of the term in the Spanish context. In na tionalism, the emphasis is put on national unity. Nationalism is associated with a struggle to unify people and an uprising against oppression. Nationalism is normally forward facial expression and aims to achieve better living standards and unification of a people. Jesus Franco used his films to express his individuality and to fight for the freedom of filmmakers. Franco, together with another renowned Spanish film maker known as Carillo played an important role in Spanish Nationalism. Franco, who has specialized in low cost horror, thrillers, pornography and films base on science fiction (Corliss, n. p.). This is perhaps the reason why despite having produced hundreds of films, Franco still remains largely unrecognized in the Spanish film industry. well-nigh of the films by Jess Franco had melodramatic endings, justifying his choice of characters and use of imagery. It is important to note that the 20th century was quite aesthetic and as such memory and remoteness were coinciden tal. In order to understand the contributions made by Jesus Franco in the Spanish Nationalism, you may need to trace the history of filmmaking in Spain. In the 1960s, it was not lax to make films. Most of the films simply had themes filled with melodrama (Graham, n. p.). The fascist government in Spain at the time imposed stringent Censorship rules which made the types of films produced by Jesus rare. Franco, however, did not wish to obey these rules and instead produced films that expressed his anger towards the censors. In the 20th century, cinema in the Spain has helped in defining and constructing an identity for the nation. This was especially important considering that in the 20th century there was a general climate of globalism, social liberation, repression and democratization. Being During this time, Spain was referred to as the Francoist Spain owing to the fact that the country was being draw out by Francisco Franco, a dictator. Franco attempted to promote nationalism by suppressing the cultural diversity which existed at the time. Franco contributed to Spanish Nationalism by producing films based on the ills that were disaster in society, many of which the mainstream cinema were not willing to highlight. In the 1950s when Franco began his career, the Fancoist government was sponsoring the inculcation of traditional and religious beliefs in Spain. Due to the nature of films that Jesus Franco produced, he did not fit into any of the existing categories of film producers. Franco, through the

Biometric Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biometric Security - Essay ExampleBiometrics is the science and applied science of measuring and analyzing biological data. In information technology, biometrics refers to technologies that measure and discerp human body characteristics, such as fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for authentication purposes. SearchSecurity.com (2008) These have several applications including time attendance, access control, identification card, security measure systems, server rooms and data centers. The advantages of this system are easy to use, removes proxy punching, prevents identity theft, no recurring costs on cards, better returns on investiture and instant reporting. (BioEnable 2007) The objective of this paper is to discuss three technological applications on biometrics in the areas of fingerprint scanners, iris recognition system and smart cards. A presentation of each features, mechanics, and practical applications would enable one to discern which biometric technology is most beneficial to more members of the society. However, one should bear in mind that at that place are other factors to consider in selecting a biometric technology.Fingerprint scanners are technological applications in biometrics utilizing fingerprints of a user to be initially enrolled in a data base. The identity of the user would be authenticated by matching a current scan with that previously recorded in the data base. According to WebMediaBrands (2009), fingerprint scanning essentially provides an identification of a person based on the acquisition and recognition of those unique patterns and ridges in a fingerprint.This technology is currently being used in timekeeping, payroll, computer and security systems, among a host of other innovative applications. However, the cost of applying fingerprint scanning is still comparatively expensive as compared to the traditional modes of ID badges.Iris recognition system is reported as one of the most accurate of all biometric

MIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

MIS - Assignment ExampleThus, I would suggest they used real people with real instances or situations.2. The website www.lie-nielsen.com shares its social capital by linking mw with a variety of new(prenominal) social media and network users all over the world. The several links tend to connect me to other people of similar interest as me. On my art, I also share my social capital by giving the site an avenue and linkage to their other users. In principle, it is a principal of reciprocity and mutual benefit in terms of social capital.3. British Broadcasting Corporation has a limiting social media policy since it limits the bare freedoms of how their employees could use the social media platforms and services. I find it a positive thing because the employees or staff of BBC are the agents and ambassadors of the company. It would be a disaster for instance for staff to offer contradictory stances and positions to that of the corporation and send wrong signals to the

Criminology and Francis T. Cullen Essay Example for Free

Criminology and Francis T. Cullen EssayIn this paper I leave alone be discussing the classical school and the positive school and their traffic to these current provisions 462.37., 462.39.-462.41 and 810 of the Canadian Criminal Code. After briefly summarizing these provisions, I go out explain which law best represents the principles of the classical or positive school. sectionalisation 462.37 relates to classical school because it is a violation of the social contract. It also displays the use of fair procedure, relative punishment and rejectrence. It focuses on the deterrence of law-breaking in analogy to the positive school where their primary goal is to identify features that influence crime and crime rule oution. Section 810. accurately represents the positive school because it focuses on how the state of matter sack prevent the criminal from doing the crime. Section 462.37 outlines the Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime where if one person is convicted of using t he proceeds of crime to purchase goods or property, the state has the billet to confiscate it.(Criminal Code, 1985). This law favors the principles of the classical school in terms of deterrence, fair procedure and a violation of the social contract.The social contract is an obligation where the free has the duty to protect individuals living under their rule in return for the people to give up their individualistic powers and live accordingly. Using the proceeds of crime to purchase desired goods and property is a violation of the social contract, because the profits were accumulated through illegal criminal activity. Due to this act offence, a proportional punishment must be utilize on the delinquent. The purpose of having punishments is to deter the offender from repeating the same crime specific deterrence. In order to nonplus a lasting effect on the offender, punishments should be chosen so it inflicts fear on them and is equivalent to the harm done. (Beccaria. 1983).Deter rence is based on a person who seeks pleasure and avoids pain, hedonistic closings atomic number 18 made using the apt calculator. (Bentham, 1789). However, deterrence isnt justified through the severity of thepunishment, exclusively through its sure thing and proportionality. In section 462.37 of the criminal code the punishment is proportional to the harm done because the state is only disposing the goods and property that he/she purchased using the proceeds of crime. (Criminal Code, 1985). Everything else will remain intact, unless proven otherwise. In any case, the punishments in classical school should be mild enough to exceed the pleasure expected from a crime. Anything beyond proportional punishment is considered as sinister and completely useless. (Beccaria, 1983).Crimes are more effectively prevented by the certainty. (Beccaria, 1983) What Beccaria means is that rather than having only a handful of offenders caught and firmly punished, society should catch more offend ers and effectively punish them in order to protect society. In violation of this law, the convicted offender must be found inculpative through a humane trial. If the offender if found guilty through the fair procedure of the court, then a punishment can be applied on the accused. In the accuseds defense a trial is held to balance the probabilities of this offender using the proceeds of crime. Once the judge has made the decision of guilty, then Her majesty can dispose of the property and goods purchased through the proceeds of crime and otherwise in accordance to the law. Moreover, this section of the criminal code has a more classical scholiast approach because it allows for deterrence of crime through fair procedure and proportional punishment all because of the violation of the social contract. This law doesnt apply the principles of the positive school because it does not act at the root causes of why the offender did the crime in the first place.This law serves the purpose to deter crime and punishing the offender proportionally, whereas the positive focus more on determining the causes and influential factors crime. (Gabor, 2010). The Sureties to Keep the peace, section 810, exemplifies that if an individual feels unsafe because of another person that might harm them or anyone in close-relations to that person. The state has the right to convict this offender to a recognizance. The offender must keep the peace for a tending(p) time or else the state can dispose of their desirable goods however, if peace has been kept, the offender is freed. (Criminal Code, 1985). This law follows the concepts of the positive school because the goal is to prevent crime in order to protect society from futuredangers using a scientific approach. It also includes some aspects of Lombrosos theory of the born criminal, using biological determinism.(Lombroso, 1911). The states obligation is to protect societys individual members from harm. Their duty is to recognize harmful behavior and then take actions to prevent it using whatsoever is necessary.In this provision the governing has taken the duty to protect this individual who fears an attack coming by securing the offenders desirable goods and telling them to keep the peace or else they will dispose of the objects. The purpose of recognizance is to prevent future dangers the criminal might create. There is no need to wait for the actual crime to occur, but to take action to prevent it through the security and warning given to the offender to keep the peace. As seen in the law, the offence has not yet been committed therefore, the victim relies on other factors to prove on reasonable grounds that this offender will harm the individual. Lombrosos theory of the Born Criminal shows that the criminals are biologically different from non-criminals thus they can be identified using physical features. (Lombroso, 1911). For example, one would feel more comfortable being followed by a clean, well-shaved, har mless looking man rather than an ape-like looking improvised, homeless man. People unconsciously judge criminality based on the physical features of others. Biological determinism is the melodic theme that crime is not committed through rational choice, but through other factors that they have little or no self-control over much(prenominal) as biological traits and features.In the provision the state has the authority to send the offender to recognizance under reasonable grounds and a convincing end by the victim. This argument whitethorn include judging a criminal based on Lombrosos theory of born criminal and biological determinism. Moreover, the government also has the duty to identify the risk and future dangers that this offender might display. Balancing the probabilities that the offender will actually attack the victim is taken into status when deciding the extreme of the conditions and the time period the delinquent will go into recognizance. However, if the delinquent d oes not keep the peace in the given time, their punishment may range from a fine, to the disposal of secured goods. Knowing this, if a criminal has this un cut offpable drive and passion for criminality, then something like a $5000 fine, will not stop them from doing so.In most restraining orders what endsup happening is the victim is attacked or harmed anyways, because today people have an uncontrollable desire to commit crime. Criminals that have a arbitrary desires for crimes act indifferently to the consequences because of biological influences or desperate situations.The law excludes the punishment of breaking a recognizance, but one can see that a positivistic would use trial, not to determine the innocence or guilt of the offender but to ask the question, will they do this again? They would also want to chicane where the offender would attack, who and why? From a classical school perspective, only the guiltiness of the offender matters so they can apply proportional punish ment. This provision doesnt defend the classical school because it shows that offenders do not have control over their criminal behavior, thus making it irrational. This law is based on the priority to prevent crime and determine its causes rather than to deter crime and inflict punishments on the offender using a scientific approach.Moreover, section 462.37 displays concepts of the classical school because it is considered a violation of the social contract the deal that society gives up their power in return for safety. This provision also shows that this act was done out of rational choice by weighing out the consequences and benefits before committing to an action. good procedure is used to defend the rights of the offender however, the main purpose is identify the guiltiness of the delinquent. Fair procedure in this law is shown when the state balances the probabilities of the proceeds of crime actually being used on his/her acquired property and goods. After the offender has been proved or has pleaded guilty, a proportional punishment is applied on him/her.In this case, the proceeds earned through crime that the offender used to purchase goods and property will be confiscated, everything else will remain. Section 810. represents the positive school because it is an example of how the state would protect society. In this provision the crime has not happened yet, one is only apprehensive and fears and attack. Biological determinism is used to identify who would pose a threat this is based on physical features. This law also focuses on the risk and future dangers the offender might display. Securing valued items of the delinquent is a method used by the state to prevent a future danger from occurring and lessening the risks. In finale the classical school is more about the deterrenceof crime whereas the positive school focuses on the prevention of crime.Works CitedBeccaria, C. (1983). An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Francis T. Cullen, Robert AgnewPa mela Wilcox (Eds.), criminological speculation Past to Present (pp. 27-29). New York Oxford UniversityPress.Bentham, J (1789). An Introduction to the Principle of Moral and Legislation. Joseph E. Jacoby(Ed.), Classics of Criminology (pp.105-109). Long Grove, Illinois Waveland Press.Gabor, T (2010). Basics of Criminology (1st Ed.). Ottawa McGraw Hill Ryerson.Lombroso, C (1911). Criminal Man. Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew Pamela Wilcox (Eds.),Criminological Theory Past to Present (pp. 27-29). New York Oxford University Press.

American History Essay Example for Free

Ameri flush toilet History EssayThe American Revolution make up to be an important event for both(prenominal) African Americans and women. For women, the impact of this event solidified their role and place in society (Courtney, 1999). These women made Americans understand their moment and worth in different aspects. On the other hand, for African Americans, this event started the process of change in terms of equality and the prevalent system of slavery.It is in this light such impact paved the way as a stepping stone towards gaining freedom and independence from their masters (Hooker, 1996). Comparing the two scenarios (women and African Americans), it can be argued that these two groups share the same principles each one fights for. The only difference in this is the manner wherein they are applied or the conditions that needs to be addressed. Looking at it, both parties seek to develop a renewed interest for (1) freedom, (2) equality, and (3) rights.However, in terms of a pplication, we can see that African Americans clamor for this to die the system of prejudice and hate brought about by slavery and apartheid. On the other hand, women continue to seek these principles for their desires to be equally associated with men in both rights and responsibilities. Despite these efforts, Americans continue to hinder participation for both African Americans and women. For women, suffrage was still maintained for men (Courtney, 1999).At the same time, jobs and responsibilities continue to be reason accordingly with little or minimal changes. On the part of African Americans, apartheid and slavery continues to exist in some states. Likewise, prejudice and racial hate continues to be present especially among Southern states wherein some African American slaves were subjected (Hooker, 1996). The leaders in turn justified these actions as a result of adjustment and pitch contour process wherein leaders and members of society have to adhere to these new set of st andards and norms.At the same time, it was better off this way because some groups continue to chase previous rules and principles since they are not subjected to such actions. Lastly, this endeavor opens up opportunities for change wherein it may prove to be difficult to handle for some leaders. It is through these innumerous of reasons that many American leaders tried to limit down the application of the commitment towards equality.

Juice Concentrate Industry Essay Example for Free

Juice Concentrate Industry EssayJuice is a liquid that is naturally contained in harvest-tide and vegetables. It is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavouring in foods. Juice is prep atomic number 18d by mechanicly squeezing or macerating harvest-home or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant. Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning,pasteurization, concentrating1, freezing, evaporation and spray drying. A concentrate is a track of substance which has had the majority of its base component (in the case of a liquid the solvent) removed. Typically this will be the removal of water from a solution or suspension such as the removal of water from fruit juice. One benefit of producing a concentrate is that of a reduction in we ight and brashness for transportation as the concentrate can be re-constituted at the time of usage by the addition of the solvent.Process DescriptionThe following processes concerns mainly with the fruit to juice concentrate production. Thorough process outline will be presented in the final paper.Harvesting/collectionOranges are harvested from large groves. When the mature fruit is ready to pick, a crew of pickers is sent in to pull the fruit off the trees. For higher picking rate companies on the other hand, use mechanical pickers instead of crew of pickers. The collected fruit is sent to plants for juice processing. The oranges are generally shipped via truck to juice extraction facilities, where they are un stung by a gravity feed onto a conveyor belt that transports the fruit to a storage bin.WashingAs the fruits are unloaded from the trucks, they are washed and loaded to belt conveyors proceeding inside the extraction plant. This process removes debris and dirt and reduces t he number of microbes.Selection and SizingBefore extraction process, the fruits are manually selected and sort out based on size and color.ExtractionProper juice extraction is important to optimize the efficiency of the juice production process as rise as the quality of the finished drink. The latter is true because oranges have thick peels, which contain bitter resins that must be carefully separated to avoid tainting the sweeter juice. in that location are two automated extraction methods commonly used by the industry. The first places the fruit between two metal cups with sharpened metal tubes at their base. The upper cup descends and the fingers on each cup mesh to express the juice as the tubes cut holes in the top and bottom of the fruit. The fruit solids are compressed into the bottom tube between the two plugs of peel while the juice is forced out through perforations in the tube wall.At the resembling time, a water spray washes away the oil from the peel. This oil is re claimed for later use. The second type of extraction has the oranges cut in half in the beginning the juice is removed. The fruits are sliced as they pass by a stationary knife and the halves are then picked up by rubber suction cups and moved against plastic serrated reamers. The rotating reamers express the juice as the orange halves travel around the conveyor line. For massive industrial production, the most effective is the causality method. The peels and pulps are collected to be used later for further steps in the production.pasteurisationPasteurization is still required to further retard spoilage. Pasteurization also inactivates certain enzymes which cause the pulp to separate from the juice, resulting in an aesthetically undesirably beverage. This enzyme related clarification is one of the reasons why fresh squeezed juice has a shelf life of only a few hours. Flash pasteurization minimizes flavour changes from heat treatment and is recommended for premium quality products. Several pasteurization methods are commercially used. One common method passes juice through a tube next to a plate heat exchanger, so the juice is alter without direct contact with the heating surface. Another method uses hot, pasteurized juice to preheat incoming unpasteurized juice. The preheated juice is further heated with steam or hot water to the pasteurization temperature. Typically, reaching a temperature of 185-201.2 F (85-94 C) for about 30 seconds is adequate to reduce the microbe count and prepare the juice for filling.

Discrimination Disabled People

distinction alter PeopleApproximately 9 zillion of the worlds 650 million disable plurality live in the UK. According to a new-fangled report of the Department of Works and Pensions, unconstipated though 3.6 million of the handicapped, (i.e. approximately 40% of the total disenable population) are between 19 and 59, only about(predicate) a million (i.e. less(prenominal) than 30 % of them) are employed. (Berthoud, 2006) Compared to the active consumption vagabond of 76% (Berthoud, 2006) among the non handicapped population, the figures for the incapacitate are staggeringly paltry and pose serious questions about British society. Despite the UK world among the first nations to sign the recent United Nations Human Rights Convention for Disabled People, the weigh of British adults claiming out of work disability benefits grew from 1 million in the mid 1970s to 2.5 million in the mid 1990s (Berthoud, 2006) an ironical particular and a telling commentary on the gap betw een public policy and essential practice. disagreement in the workplace, as nearly as outside, continues to unfortunately exist in Britain despite extensive and progressive legislation to combat the phenomenon. Work and pensions minister Anne McGuire lately stated that Britains 10 million modify people impart had to endure a legacy of exclusion, inside and outside the workplace. (Mulholland, 2005)0733966The last ten years have seen the progressive implementation of the requirements of the Disability Discrimination exertion of 1995, and its enlargement in 2005, as intimately as the enactment of the Human Rights bill in 1998. The fact that these legislations, along with regular public debate and substantial research on the issue, have been accompanied by a signifi send wordt increase in the number of unemployed disabled in the working age group (Berthoud, 2006) point to the existence of a social problem of significant dimensions, which whilst recognised, is far from resolution. Discrimination arises in general from prejudice it is an emotional response to perceived threats and discomforts that cannot be rationally justified. (Lang, 1998) Discrimination against the disabled, at work and outside, social researchers feel, is primarily a social problem. (Lang, 1998) Entrenched in the thought processes and attitudes of society, it owes its origins to historical, social, cultural, and economic causes. (Lang, 1998) Whilst most people appear to agree that contrariety against the disabled is abhorrent and has no place in modern societies, its continuance leads to concerns, both about the sincerity of such adopted positions, as well as about effective measures to reduce and eliminate the problem.CommentaryThe Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), 2005, defines disabled persons thus An adult or a child is disabled if he or she has a physical or mental impairment which has an unfavorable effect that is substantial (not just trivial or minor) adverse and long 0733966 term (lasting or expected to last for at least a year) on his ability to carry out normal day to day activities. People who have a disability within the definition are protected from discrimination even if they have since recover. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Whilst disability can broadly be described as a condition or give-up the ghost that is mat up to be significantly impaired compared to the usual standard of an individual of the concerned group, the term often refers to individual functioning and accepts physical, sensory, cognitive, and intellectual impairment, as well as mental ailments and certain types of chronic disease. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) New provisions in the DDA (2005) have widened the definition of disabled persons to provide protective covering to people with cancer, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis, and removed the stipulation that mental illness must be clinically well recognise d to be judged to be mental impairment. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007)Although discrimination against disabled people has existed since historical times, the phenomenon has impacted pubic consciousness only during the last fifty years. (Barnes, 1991) The enactment of the Disabled Persons physical exercise bill in 1944, even though it occurred in response to the peace time call for of injured soldiers, marked the beginning of legislation on the issue. (Barnes, 1991) Whilst employment for the disabled, in the past, existed purely in the domain of charitable and voluntary organisations, the 1944 legislation made a concrete effort to tackle the problem by treating disabled persons as one group it also addressed the question of their employment, provided a range of specialist services designed to find jobs for disabled 0733966people, established a quota scheme, and institutionalised their legal rights to employment. (Barnes, 1991) Although the quot a scheme made it mandatory for employers to fill at least 3% of their staff strength with disabled people, the initiative never actually made progress because of lack of governmental commitment and the proclivity of employers to sidestep the provisions of the law. (Barnes, 1991) Confusion in policy making during the next few decades truism the introduction of various fuzzy and ill thought measures like inducements and subsidies to employers to shoot down on disabled employees. (Barnes, 1991) Whilst policy measures for improving employment chances of disabled people, up to the 1990s, focused more on persuasion and inducement of employers, the passing of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) in 1995 made it (a) illegal for employers to discriminate against disabled people in the course of filling vacancies, and (b) mandatory for them to provide certain conveniences to disabled staff. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Key rights of disabled pers ons under the act acknowledge the right to fair employment, the right to access goods, facilities and services provided to the public, the right to have reasonable alterations made to premises or workstations by employers, the right to let or sell land or property, and the right to education in any school, college, or institute. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) The enactment made acts of wilful discrimination, as evinced by treating disabled persons less favourably than others, (because of their disabilities), without reasonable justification, or failing to make reasonable adjustments for disabled persons without adequate reasons, illegal and liable for severe penalties.0733966The sphere of the DDA (1995) was further enlarged by the DDA (2005), which added to the list of people covered under the scope of disabled, and included provisions that (a) made it unlawful for operators of transport vehicles to discriminate against disabled people, (b) made it easier for disabled people to rent property and for tenants to make disability-related ad talentedations (c) ensured that discrimination law covered all activities of public authorities, (d) protected disabled councillors against discrimination and (e) covered larger hole-and-corner(a) members clubs and bodies that awarded general qualifications (like GCSEs and A Levels). (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) The stipulations of DDA enactments reveal a strong shift from previous policies whereas policy makers previously imitation that disabled people were significantly less effective than others in the workplace, and policies for improving employment prospects for the disabled depended upon persuasion and inducement of employers, current legislation accepts the fact that disabled people are subjected to unfair discrimination and exclusion by employers and service providers. They exact to be treated equally, and their special requirements con sidered and provided for.Whilst the 1995 and 2005 DDA enactments, even though falling unequal of compulsion, make it obligatory for all employers and service providers to ensure fairer treatment of disabled people, they also confirm the presence of intense and blatant intolerance and discrimination in the British workplace against disabled people. Nothing illustrates the extent of brisk discrimination, sooner oppression, in the workplace in the UK better than a report prepared by Deborah Cohen and Karen Hebert carried by the 0733966British Medical Journal (2004) on discrimination against disabled physiciantors by members of their own fraternity.In a small qualitative study, disabled doctorsreported face isolated and stigmatised, and that there wasa lack of understanding and flexibility. Despite medicine beinga caring profession, medicine is not supportive or enabling,especially to those who do not conform to the normative perceivedstandard. One doctor with a disability said You would expecttolerance from doctors, but this is the worst group when dealingwith their own most people dont want to know medicinehas a natural selection of the fittest style. (Cohen and Hebert, 2004)If medical professionals, who are under Hippocratic Oath and have made conscious career decisions to work in areas that require compassion and understanding, are apt to have discriminatory attitudes towards the disabled, such attitudes will obviously be much stronger in the common population. Discrimination, as is common knowledge, exhibits itself in a myriad ways, and is felt most sharply by the people who experience it. For many disabled people it starts from before they were born. The Society for Protection of Unborn Children (2007) states that prenatal screening tests that foreshadow disabling conditions in unborn babies often lead to pressure on mothers to abort the children. Human embryos conceived in test tubes are examined for disabling conditions and thrown out if found to h ave disabling conditions. Newborn babies, particularly those with conditions such as Downs syndrome and spina bifida, are sometimes sedated and starved to death. Denial of food and water to those in firm Vegetative State is common. (Fatal discrimination against disabled people, 2007)0733966The discrimination that evidences itself in the workplace is but an extension of various discriminatory practices that disabled people experience at school and in society as they grow up these practices also often aggravate their condition and increase their discomfort in their working lives. An name in Socialist Review (1995) states that the majority of disabled people are in poorly paid jobs, and are far less likely to be employed compared to people without disabilities. Whilst both disabled men and women pull ahead significantly less than others, their living costs tend to be significantly higher because of wants such as transport, clothing and facilities in the home. (Equal Access, 1995) I t is estimated that two thirds of all disabled people live below the poverty line. Most disabled people earn far too little to buy their own houses. (Equal Access, 1995) Even though the article was published 10 years ago, current studies show little tack in the situation on the ground. (Berthoud, 2006) The employment rate for disabled people continues to be much lower than that of people without disabilities, they earn less, and are far less likely to hold responsible positions. (Berthoud, 2006) Theories to analyse and explain discriminatory attitudes depend upon different works and thought constructs, most of which have emerged in recent decades. Whilst discrimination against the disabled has existed since historical times, social researchers believe that discriminatory attitudes hardened with the advent of industrialisation and capitalism. (Lang, 1998) The industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism put an end to agrarian societies, created the need for able bodied men to w ork in factories, promoted the rise of individualism, and marginalised disabled people as ineffective and unprofitable components of society, who needed to be segregated and cared for, rather 0733966than integrated in the productive working class. (Lang, 1998) Whilst this line of argument, though widely accepted, does not explain the presence of discriminatory attitudes towards disabled people in societies that remained non-industrialised and primarily agrarian until well into the 20th cytosine, the sudden redundancy of people with impairments in the working classes during the industrial revolution led to the participation of the medical profession in the issue. (Lang, 1998) The involvement of medical professionals, who were called in to categorise the type of impairment, led to the medicalisation of society and to the emergence of the Medical Model, the use of which continues even today. (Lang, 1998) The medical model assumes that (a) disability is a diseased state, (b) it is esse ntially an unfortunate individual problem that occurs on a random basis, (c) it is the responsibility of the medical profession to treat disabled people (d) disabled people are biologically and psychologically inferior to those who are able-bodied, (e) disabled people or their families cannot take decisions about their lives, and that (f) the medical profession should play a dominant role in deciding upon their lives. (Lang, 1998)Whilst discrimination against disabled people has existed from historical times and across societies, researchers feel that the issue was possibly aggravated vastly in the UK by the industrial revolution, the growth of capitalism and the dominance of the medical model. Social attitudes towards disabled people hardened during the 18th, 19th and much of the 20th century and developed into deep rooted prejudice, which evinced itself in various ways of discrimination and oppression, and led to the imposition of great difficulties on disabled people. (Lang, 199 8) Thompson, in 07339662001, provided a PCS model that attempts to explain the complex nature in which inequalities, prejudice and discrimination operate to impact the lives of individuals, groups and communities. (Thompson, 2001) Thompson argues that three interlinked trains reinforce discrimination and oppression within society. These operate at the Personal, Cultural and Structural levels and mutually reinforce each other to create extensive and deep rooted biases against people. (Thompson, 2001) At the personal level this relates to individual views and can evidence itself through patronising behaviour towards the disabled, feelings of physical and intellectual superiority, and dislike for the different physical appearances of people with impairments. At the cultural level, people can constituent common beliefs, (accentuated by the dominance of the medical model) regarding the physical and psychological inferiority of disabled people, along with related feelings about their in capability in handling their lives, and the need to institutionalise and treat them separately. Structurally discrimination can evidence itself through a myriad of excluding and disempowering conditions like the preponderance of escalators rather than lifts at tube stations, the low representation of the disabled at the workplace, the lack of textbooks for blind people, the presence of separate schools for disabled children, and the widespread lack of facilities for disabled people at pubs, cinemas, amusement parks, airports, railroad line stations, and even polling booths.Recent years have seen some change in these attitudes and led to the development of the Social Model, which, in contrast to the Medical Model argues that disabled individuals are as much part of mainstream society as able bodied individuals and social obstacles like inaccessible buildings, unusable transport systems as well as 0733966pejorative social attitudes, prejudice and institutionalised discrimination are the real concerns of disability. (Lang, 1998) Disability, in the social model is seen to arise from socio-cultural rather than biological causes it is enforce on existing physical impairments through isolationist and excluding attitudes, behaviours, and policies and amounts to oppression. (Lang, 1998)Conclusion Whilst discrimination and oppression against disabled people in the workplace continues to occur, recent legislation aims to level the playing field by ensuring that employers and service providers do not adopt discriminatory attitudes towards the disabled, and apart from treating them at par with able bodied people take cognizance of their needs and provide for the same. The DDA enjoins employers and service providers, namely companies and organisations that provide goods, facilities, and services to the public, for example banks, hospitals, local authority services, cinemas, railway and bus stations, shops, hotels, restaurants, football grounds, public parks, and private e ducation to make reasonable adjustments to cater to the needs of disabled people, and service substance abusers have the right to approach the legal and official machinery if such needs are not met.Social workers and practitioners, despite their education and profession are vulnerable to PCS factors and need to ensure that they approach the issue on the basis that the disabled, while being different, are part of mainstream society and need help and assimilation, not pity. Current legislation calls for the active involvement of social workers in assessing the needs of disabled people and studies indicate that responses 0733966of social workers are influenced by a number of variables and often differ in assessing the needs of service users. Understanding the perspectives of service users is essential for assessing their actual needs. (Noe, 2007)Social workers will have to be flexible without losing focus, take cognizance of the views of disabled people, be theoretically informed, be r eady to challenge and change existing ideas and practices, analyse the oppressive nature of organisational culture and its impact on practice, include continuous reflection and evaluation of practice, have multidimensional change strategies, which incorporate the concepts of networking, user involvement, partnership and participation, and analyse the issues of power, both personal and structural. (Noe, 2007)The contribution of disabled people to the workplace, especially in the context of an ageing society, can be immense and their comprehension will not just bring in the benefits of diversity but also add to organisational skills and competitive advantage f organisations. Whilst enacted laws will no interrogative sentence help in bringing in assimilation and integration, real progress will occur only with the proactive support of employers, service providers and social workers. These include making adjustments to premises, allocating some of the duties of disabled persons to othe rs, altering working hours, acquiring or modifying equipment, providing good quality training and supervision, not refuse to provide services, and change existing policies and procedures to make them disabled-friendly.0733966Businesses would be well served by conducting access audits and involving disabled persons in recruitment, selection, training, and assimilation processes. Keeping disabled people out of workplaces, and refusing them to give them their due rights makes meritless social and business sense because even as society loses out on their contribution, in exchange for some very small cost and adjustment issues, it denies them the opportunity to live meaningful and dignified lives. Nine out of seventy million Britishers are disabled the able bodied need to realise that even one road accident or a multiple sclerosis attack could make them disabled, and whether that would be good enough reason for excluding them from the rights and benefits available to other citizens.0733 966 ReferencesBarnes, C, 1991, Chapter 4, Disabled people in Britain and Discrimination, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http//www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Barnes/disabled%20people%20and%20discrim%20ch4.pdfBerthoud, R, 2006, The employment rates of disabled people, Department for Work and Pensions, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http//www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2005-2006/rrep298.pdfCohen, D, and Hebert, K, 2004, Equality and diversity in the workplace, BMJ Career Focus, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from careerfocus.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/329/7467/116.pdf Conaway, J, 1999, September, enabling the Disabled, Americas (English Edition), 51, 52Conniff, R, 1996, Banishing the Disabled, The Progressive, 60, 20+Davis, K, 1996, The social model of disability and its implication for language use, Derbyshire coalition of disabled people, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.saifscotland.org.uk/documents/SocialModelLanguage-newlogo.pdfDisability and Access Issues, 200 4, Systems Concepts, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.system-concepts.com/articles/article0054.htmlDisability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007, Shaw Trust, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.shaw-trust.org.uk/page/6/91/0733966Equal Access, 1995, Socialist Review, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr183/stack1.htmExploring anti-oppressive practices, Thompsons PCS Model, 2002, Student Youth Work Online, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from youthworkcentral.tripod.com/aop_pcs.htmFatal discrimination against disabled people, 2007, Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.spuc.org.uk/about/no-less-human/discriminationHirst, M, Thornton, P, and Dearey, M, 2004, The employment of disabled people in the public sector, University of York, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http//www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Thornton/Employment%Lang, R, 1998, A critique of the disability movement Asia Pacific disability rehabilitation journal, Vol. 9, 1, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/resource/apdrj/z13jo0100/z13jo0103.htmMatsell, G, 2006, Attitude towards disability needs to change, Nottinghamshire County Teaching, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http//www.nottinghamshirecountyteachingpct.nhs.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=12154pgid=9876.Mulholland, H, 2005, Prejudice still blocking disabled peoples path to work, Society Guardian, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/may/25/disability.equalityNoe, S. R, 2007, Discrimination against Individuals with Mental Illness. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 63(1), 20+0733966Russell, M, and Malhotra, R, 2002, The Political Economy of Disablement Advances And Contradictions, Socialist Register, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.zmag.org/content/Miscellaneous/russell_socreg.cfmRocco, T, 2001, The invisible people, disability, diversity, and issues of power in adult ed ucation, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from https//idea.iupui.edu/dspace/bitstream/1805/414/1/Rocco%20T%20.pdfThe Rights Stuff Can Disabled People Ever Get a Really Good Job? Barney Calman Meets a Tireless Campaigner with a dynamical Career Who Is Determined to Help Others Overcome Their Disadvantages, 2005, May 31, The Evening Standard (London, England), p. 1Thompson, N (2001) Anti-Discriminatory Practice, Third Edition, London PalgraveTregaskis, C, 2004, Constructions of Disability Researching the Interface between Disabled and Non-Disabled People. New York RoutledgeUK signs up to UN disability rights convention, 2007, Managing Diversity, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.managingdiversity.co.uk/news_article.phpWelcome to The United Kingdoms Disabled Peoples Council (UKDPC) 123, 2003, BCODP, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.bcodp.org.uk