Claude McKays Prominent Position in the Harlem...

Claude McKay real name is Festus Claudius McKay was an important person in the Harlem Renaissance, a prominent literary movement of the 1920s. His poems are traditional in technique and on the sentimental side in subject and tone.1 McKay was born in Sunny Ville, Jamaica, in 1889. McKay was the son of a peasant farmer. He took pride and knew a lot about his African heritage. He was interested in English poetry dealing with literary. McKay’s brother, Uriah Theophilus and an Englishmen Walter Jekyll helped McKay study British masters. McKay studied the British masters including John Milton, Alexander Pope and the later Romantics and European philosophers such as well-known pessimist Arthur Schopenhauer, Jekyll had to translate from†¦show more content†¦He wrote: â€Å"These first two volumes are already marked by a sharpness of vision, an inborn realism, and a freshness which provides a pleasing contrast with the conventionality which, at this time, prevails among the b lack poets of the United States. For Songs of Jamaica McKay received an award and paid from the Jamaican Institute of Arts and Sciences. He used the money to finance a trip to America, and in 1912 he arrived in South Carolina. He then traveled to Alabama and enrolled at the Tuskegee Institute, where he studied for two months before transferring to Kansas State College. In 1914 he left school entirely for New York City and worked various menial jobs. As in Kingston, McKay encountered racism in New York City, and that racism forced him to continue writing poetry. In 1917, under the pseudonym Eli Edwards, McKay published two poems in a journal called the Seven Arts. His poetry was discovered by critic Frank Hattis, who then included some of McKays other poems in Pearsons Magazine. McKays most famous poems from this period was To the White Fiend.† A few years later McKay befriended Max Eastman, editor of the magazine Liberator. McKay published more poems in Eastmans magazine, espe cially the If We Must Die, which defended black rights and threatened revenge for prejudice andShow MoreRelatedHistory5499 Words   |  22 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE by William R. Nash ^ The term ‘‘Harlem Renaissance’’ refers to the efï ¬â€šorescence of African-American cultural production that occurred in New York City in the 1920s and early 1930s. One sometimes sees Harlem Renaissance used interchangeably with ‘‘New Negro Renaissance,’’ a term that includes all African Americans, regardless of their location, who participated in this cultural revolution. Followers of the New Negro dicta, which emphasized blacks’ inclusion in and empowerment

Essay on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion - 1132 Words

The Jews Did It! Introduction: Jew Wrote the Protocols The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a most controversial document. This mysterious work is not controversial in the matter of does it exist, but why does it exist? Was this document a legitimate attempt by the Zionists to define their plan for world domination? Or perhaps the author was just someone with a strong dislike towards the Jewish people, and was looking for a specific reason to destroy an entire race. This is a decision based from opinion alone. But that is what a conspiracy is, a fact stranger than fiction with more than one path to the answer that is a plausible solution. History and Origin of Protocols The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are a group of†¦show more content†¦The similarities of these two works led many to believe the Germans wrote the Jewish Peril. Hitler refers to the Protocols in his autobiography Mein Kampf â€Å"the important thing is that with positively terrifying certainty they reveal the nature and activity of the Jewish people and expose their inner contexts as well as their ultimate final aims† (The Protocols of, ). Did the Jews Write the Protocols? The Jewish people would have written the Protocols of Zion in order to document their plan of attack. To the Jews the rest of the world is considered â€Å"scum†. They have their own plans of how the world should be run and their goal to accomplish world domination. The protocols were never supposed to be discovered. In fact, they were stolen by an imposter during a secret meeting of Zionists. Now that the protocols are out in the public the Jews deny that any such â€Å"secret society† existed, thus leading to the creation of the fore mentioned conspiracy. Real Life Experiences Patrick H. Bellringer survived the KZB. The Khazarian Zionist Bolsheviks (KZB) are not a race of people but a political group after the Russian Revolution the Jews came into power, but the Zionist Jews are not like ordinary Jews they are the Jews that control the government and worship Satan. Mr. Bellringer believes that Judaism is a cult of Satanism, and for fifty nine years he lived amongst the Jews, as what he callsShow MoreRelatedAnti Semitism Is The Hatred And Persecution Of The Jews946 Words   |  4 PagesA major example of these components is the publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. It was an entirely fictional piece of work, but people believed the book which created fear in everyone that was not Jewish. This book, although not true in the slightest, caused people to become fearful of Jews, which in turn increased anti-Semitism in Europe. In order to fully understand the impact of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, one must first understand the origin of anti-Semitism. Anti-SemitismRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Telling a Lie Essay examples647 Words   |  3 Pages(Lenin, Vladimir. Where to Begin? Iskra May 1901). However, after success of Socialist movement he refuted this idea (Lenin Collected Works: Volume 23). According to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, one of the main things is to persuade people using lies to achieve Jews’ goal (The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, protocol no. 2). Thus, lies are very important in local and global issues of societies and countries. Despite of some advantages of telling a lie, there are some disadvantages tooRead MoreThe Nazis And The Superior Race857 Words   |  4 Pagesgreedy, race who were trying to dominate the economy and essentially take over the world. Though anti-semitism had existed for many centuries prior to this, it was enflamed like never before by propaganda and publications such as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. These racist ideals were codified in the Nuremberg Laws set forth in 1935. This modern anti-semitism was different in both kind and intensity than previously seen in Europe. Interesting enough, are the influences the different leadersRead MoreNazi Propagand The Most Strategic Scheme2822 Words   |  12 Pagesinstill their own laws to maintain their government in order to make their clueless citizens, whom, by this point, could not compare the laws to anyone else’s, abide by their omnipotent ruler. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime used the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a falsified and controversial book, to justify their hatred towards the Jews. This was a book devoted to depicting Jews as the vilest beings in the world. The authors plagiarized many people’s work such as Montesquieu and altered theirRead MoreTaking a Look at Conspiracy Theories1319 Words   |  5 Pagesfalse. This same conspiracy theory was not finished though, as the Jews once again faced hatred because of a lie. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a text that details a secret meeting between Jewish elders in a cemetery to discuss a conspiracy to take over the entire world, and despite them being a obvious forgery (Hughes, 2012). Despite being a known forgery, the Protocol document was used by the Nazis and Hitler to aid in increasing the anti-semetic sentiment in Germany and Europe. EvenRead MoreEssay about Jewish History726 Words   |  3 Pagesthemselves, several hundred Jews were beaten to death in cities like Mnsk, Odessa and Bialystok. In 1905 the Tzar’s secret police published perhaps the most notorious example of pre-Nazi anti-semitic propaganda. The ‘Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion’ put forward the notion that an organiation of elite Jews were planning to take over the world. It was a hoax but this did not stop it from being circulated throughout Europe and America and it helped fuel Nazism in theRead MoreThe Moral Code Of The Middle East928 Words   |  4 Pagesconvinced by Hitler and like-minded propaganda, believed that all of the countries responsible for The Treaty of Versailles were evil and worse than themselves and associated actions. Likewise they believed in a document called, â€Å"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.† This document made outlandish accusations against Jews, which further fueled the rampant already present antisemitism. There were situations in which the Nazi troops were given the choice to kill or not to. The first notable time thatRead MoreHow Anti Semitism Is Put Forward As The Nazi Regime Gains Power1814 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Jews in Europe had been instilled in their mindset going into the interwar period (â€Å"Racism, Anti- ­Ã¢â‚¬ Semitism, Colonialism†). For example, in Protocols of the Elders of Zion, written in 1902, someone who had anti-Semitic views forges a document and writes from the point of view of a Jew about all the terrible ideas the Jews believe (363-367). Protocols was used as anti-Semitic propaganda, such describing Jews as being bent on world domination and having the ability to control the masses throughRead MoreAn Opinion On Western Strategy Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesrights violations, executions, and abuse of civil liberties. Their private Libyan fascist militia Hezbollah has a nifty flag featuring a not at all subtle mushroom cloud, as if promotion of the Rosetta Stone of anti-Semitism aka the Protocols of the Elders of Zion weren t despicable enough. The Islamic Republic has been successful at keeping their overwhelmingly young population of regime haters from executing a coup, but their Alawite subsidiary in Syria, the Ba athist mass murderer Bashar AlRead MoreAnti Semitism During World War I1024 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagescrash. (â€Å"Antisemitism†) The growth of Anti Semitism was the main factor that contributed to Nazi beliefs. Anti semitism is racial prejudice against Jews. It started to grow in 1881. The largest growth was in 1903, after the book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. This caused the formation of many anti semitic gangs, which then proceeded to kill Jews. Antisemitism was soon a popular political party and gained the support of Adolf Hitler. When Adolf Hitler was imprisoned, he wrote his book Mein

Accounting Statement Analysis Ratios and FinanciaL indicatorS

Question: Part A: The Income Statement What are the major sources of income for the organization? What is the breakdown of each source of revenue as a percentage of total income? What are the costs? Part B: The Balance Sheet How much does the company have in cash and short-term investments? Look at the cash against current liabilities? What are the current liabilities? Does the company have enough cash to pay off its short-term debt (current liabilities)? What is the companys working capital? (Hint: you have to calculate this.) What is the companys current ratio? What does this mean? What is the companys debt-to-equity ratio? What does this mean? Answer: Major sources of income in Apple Inc The net amount of sales are mainly generated from the sales of software, hardware, applications, digital content, accessories, support contacts and services. Whenever there is persuasive evidence related to the arrangement of fund it is found that the company recognizes the revenue after the consideration of delivery of product or services on fixed rate that belongs to a probable collection. The product is said to be delivered when it is shipped with the risk of loss, title and reward of ownership, which has been relocated. Online sale to individual or sale to educational customers from US, the company accepts revenue only after the product is received by customer. In addition to this, when the terms of payment is decided by the standards of company it indicates that it is at higher level than the revenue gained by itself. To justify the fixed price of its manufactured product company keep their payment due until they have some proper evidence related to the transactions. Without con cession, it was considered as the successful collection based on the equivalent arrangements. Breakdown of revenues The customers of the company are distributed among the consumers, education enterprise mid- size or large business and government markets. The company utilizes a policy to sell their products directly to the third- party products among its major target markets. This sales are directly related to the small or mid size business and consumers though the online and retail stores. There are several indirect distribution channels employed by the company, such as: wholesalers, third- party sellers, third- party cellular network carriers, retailers and resellers who provides value to service. Around 2015, there was 26% and 74% of direct sales experienced by the company through direct and indirect channels. Net sales comparably increased by 28% in between 2014 and 2015. Specifically there was 52% net sale for iPhone on annual basis. In 2014, the net sales rose by 7% in comparison with 2013. This increment was totally based on the sales of Mac, iPhone and services. Specifically, sales of iPhone was based on factors such as the successful introduction of the iPhone 5c and 5s in the middle of 2013, introduction of iPhone 6 Plus and 6 in 2014 and expanded distribution. Cost of shipping The revenue is classified as the amount charged from the customers for shipping their product. The cost of handling and shipping the products are known as the cost of sales. Warranty costs The company as guarantee provides an estimated cost to their customer for the hardware and software at the time of recognition of the related revenues (Weil et al., 2013). In future estimates, the company has the right to adjust the necessary amounts according to experiences. Development cost of software RD costs are expenses considered by the company for development. Development cost is considered according to the selling, leasing and marketing of the software. The technological feasibility is checked before making the product available in the market. Advertising costs Cost involved in selling, operating general aspects and covering the administrative expenses are considered as the administrative costs. As an example 1.8 billion dollar, 1.2 billion dollar, 1.1 billion dollar was the advertising expenses involved in 2015, 2014 and 2013 respectively. Part B- Balance Sheet Cash and short-term Investments As per the financial reports, Apple cash and cash equivalent for the financial year of 2014 consisted of $13,884 million, whereas in the fiscal year of 2015, its cash and cash equivalents stood $21,120 million. On the other hand, Apple Incs short-term marketable investments represented a balance of $11,233 million for the financial year of 2014, whereas during the fiscal year of 2015, the short-term marketable securities or investments stood at $20,481 million respectively. It should be noted that the entire liquid investments having a maturity period of below three months from the original date of purchase are classified under the cash and cash equivalents. Apple Incs marketable investments have been categorised for sale. The management of Apple Inc takes into the considerations the appropriate categorisations of its investments during the time of its procurement and considerably re-evaluates the classifications at date when balance sheet is framed. The short-term investments of Apple Inc are usually classified based on the maturity of 12 months or less depending upon the nature of each of investments and its availability for use under existing operations. The companys cash and marketable investments are carried at fair value and gains are recorded in the balance sheet in the form of accumulated comprehensive income. Current Liabilities The current liabilities of Apple Inc comprises of accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue, commercial paper and current portion of long-term debt. These items combines a total current liabilities for the accounting year of 2014 $63,448 million where as in the financial year of 2015 Apple Inc sum total of current liabilities comprised of $80,610 million. Out of this, accounts payable alone stood $35,490 million for 2015 while in the preceding year it stood at $30,196 million. The commercial paper and deferred revenue stood $8,491 and $8,999 million respectively for the year 2015. During the year 2014, the board of directors of Apple Inc authorized the company to issue short-term promissory notes with regard to its commercial paper programme. The company usually intends to utilize the net proceeds from the commercial paper for common corporate reason to pay of dividends and share re-purchase. However, it must be noted that the organisation has sufficient amount of cash and other liquid assets to pay of short term debts. As per the financial reports, obtained Apple Inc currently has current assets of $89,378 million including cash balance of $21,120 million, which is sufficient to pay off its current liabilities. Working Capital Computation of Apple Inc Working capital Particulars Amount ($) millions Amount ($) millions Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 21,120 Inventories 2,349 Accounts receivable 16,849 Vendor non traded receivables 13,494 53,812 Current Liabilities Accounts payable 35,490 Current Portion of long term debt 2,500 Commercial paper 8,499 46,489 Working Capital 1,00,301 Current ratio: Current ratios are also known as liquid ratios which measures the capability of Apple Inc in order to meets its short term obligations out of its current assets and reflects the short term financial strength or solvency of the company. Current ratios can be defined as the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The adequate amount of surplus is interpreted, as reliable indicators of the fact the company are solvent. The main objective of this ratio is to further shed light on the short-term solvency of Apple Inc and more precisely speaking, its ability to pay off its debts as and when they fall due by computing the relations between the current assets and current liabilities. A widely regarded rule of accounting ratios is that a current ratio of 2:1 is considered as an ideal situation (Thanos Papadakis, 2012). Although this is often considered as one of the useful guidelines however, such generalizations are not considered as truth. The standard ratio will vary from industry to industry and from season to season, depending upon the rate at which the current assets are converted into cash and how quickly current liabilities are paid off. Currently the currently ratio of Apple Inc for the year 2015 signifies 1.10. This represents that Apple Inc can pay off its short term obligations and meet the needs of its creditors. Current ratio of Apple Inc Apple 2014 2015 Current Ratio 1.077276 1.108771 Figure 1: (Current ratio of Apple Inc) (Source As created by Author) Debt equity ratio: Debt equity ratio is concerned with creating the relationship between the external and internal long-term financing. The use of long-term debt under the financial structure has both advantage and disadvantage as well. The main advantage associated with the debt is that it provides an opportunity for greater returns to the shareholders without the need to provide greater amount of capital (Coates et al., 2012). Apple Inc can borrow fund at a predetermined rate of interest but use those funds in business to get high amount of return, the entire amount of extra benefit yielded accrues to the equity shareholders. The higher is the amount of fund borrowed the greater will be the amount of returns that will be generated to the shareholders. Debt also has few disadvantages as well. If the return on assets falls down considerably or interest on debt increases, return on shareholders fund will be subjected to greater fluctuations. It is because the amount of interest is ought to be paid irrespective of the amount of profit. High debt is associated with high greater potentiality to risk of loss on shareholders equity. It should be noted that the relationship between debt and equity is frequently referred as gearing leverage. An organisation with low leverage has small proportion of debt. Whereas, an organisation with high leverage represent high proportion of debt. Apple 2014 2015 Debt equity ratio 1.243384 1.950066 Figure 2: (Debt-equity ratio of Apple Inc) (Source As created by Author) The debt equity ratio for Apple Inc for the year ended 2015 represents 1.95 and this represents that the company operates at a medium risk level in order to assess its efficiency for long-term financing. Reference List: Coates, C. R., Jones, A., Coates, M. W. (2012). Accounting ratios and financial performance indicators.Veterinary practice management, 117-121. Deegan, C. (2012).Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Thanos, I. C., Papadakis, V. (2012). Assessing the use of accounting ratios in gauging MA performance. Weil, R. L., Schipper, K., Francis, J. (2013).Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

The Lion King Essay Example

The Lion King Essay â€Å"The Lion King† is thought to be one of the most favorite childhood movies of all time. Many people tend to think about â€Å"The Lion King† as an uplifting and inspirational movie with amazing characters and a wonderful story line. However, there are many parts of the movie that include violence and racism. But because the film is an animated movie and is thought to be for children these aspects are not directly noticed when watching it. In the movie there are a variety of symbols that illustrate racism, residence, and power. Beginning with the fact that while watching a children’s movie features such as color of the characters does not seem to have a great deal of meaning. However when analyzing these types of movies the color of each character plays a huge role in what the author was trying to portray. In â€Å"The Lion King† the main example of this is the colors of Simba and Scar. Simba is a golden bright color while Scar is a dark grey and black color. It is also clear that throughout the movie Simba is the protagonist whereas Scar is the antagonist. The bright yellow and golden color of Simba reinforces the fact that he is the hero and the loved character during the movie. Children are often taught from a young age that most dark colors associate with something that is fearful. And when thinking of how dark and dull Scars colors are people automatically think about how bad and evil of a character he is. Scar and the hyenas are both dark colors representing the poverty and disadvantage people in Africa. Additional characteristic of â€Å"The Lion King† is the residency of the different animals. When watching â€Å"The Lion King† many people do not associate the area of which the different type of animals live with the area that different type of people live. In Africa the upper class people all live in areas of plentiful resources. In the movie the pride land represents the area with all the resources; it is an area that seems cheerful and full of life while the elephant graveyard is the exact opposite. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lion King specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lion King specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lion King specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During the movie the lions and other dominant animals such as elephants and giraffes are the ones who get to live in the pride land symbolizing these animals as the upper class. While the scavenger animals such as the hyenas or lower class have to live in the elephant graveyard which represents the outskirts of the African pride lands. The elephant graveyard represents the poor and poverty filled areas of Africa. Finally, in â€Å"The Lion King† there are examples of power and hierarchy. At beginning of the movie there is scene of all the animals bowing to the new king. This scene shows that the animals know who their king is and that baby Simba is next in line for the thrown. This example reflects aspects of today’s society because it follows the type of power system many cultures have. Mufasa, Simba’s father, says â€Å"everything the light touches is our kingdom,† this statement shows that the animals also have an understanding of where their ruling territory ends just as kings, presidents and rulers do today. In conclusion, the movie â€Å"The Lion King† may seem as though it is a simple animated movie with no characteristics resembling the real world. However racism, residency and power are just a few noticeable aspects when analyzing this movie. These different examples portray diverse meanings depending on who the audience is. For young children the most important thing during the movie is how cute and loveable the characters are but for an adult these hidden meanings and messages are important.

Angola Essays - Capital Punishment In Louisiana, Free Essays

Angola Essays - Capital Punishment In Louisiana, Free Essays Angola I feel that Angola prison system is a very effective correction system. The video demonstrated how the system has different setups to keep the prisoners working to keep them out of trouble. Although Angola is a rough maximum-security system, it seems to have great control over the inmates. The atmosphere of Angola is rough, but has great control over the inmates, which keeps it safe in its own unusual way. By keeping all the inmates working with different jobs, they have less violence. By giving the inmates jobs, they hold a certain responsibility so they stay out of trouble to keep these jobs. This is proven in one way because the prisoners are out in fields with sharp objects, which could lead to violence and even escape. Since the prisons hold the responsibilities they do there job and stay out of trouble. I do not think they could escape because the surroundings are rough so they could not get out. Inside the prison IM sure it is the same as other prisons with gangs and violence, but the difference is the working there. Another thing that helps Angola is the prison rodeos they hold. This is why prisoners one time out of the year hold a rodeo. They are suited up and ride the bulls and wild horses for fun and for a show for the public. Only the inmates with good records are allowed to do this, so to keep this privilege the prisoners keep good conduct. This is another responsibility left on the prisoners just like the jobs. These are a few reasons I feel Angola atmosphere is great for a maximum security prisons. If more prisons would use this setup of jobs and privileges, they could lower their violence. If I had the chance to change something in Angola, I do not think I would change anything. It seems to be setup and ran well the way it is. Although there is still some violence, drugs, and rape inside the walls, that cannot be changed because that is just part of a prison system. The so-called Responsibility system at Angola is ran well and I do not thing it needs to be changes. These are some reasons I feel Angolas prison system is effective and do not need to be changed. The atmosphere of Angola although it is very tough it is very calm for a maximum-security prison and more prisons should use the set up for a background to base theirs off of.

The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church †Research Paper

The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church Research Paper Objectively speaking, an icon is a two-dimensional work of art found in the Eastern Orthodox religion, often portraying religious figures such as Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and various saints. Obviously, icons (sometimes spelled ikons) are revered in this tradition, but their precise significance is often hard to understand. The very concept of religious images is, in fact, a broad area of concern, one that did not begin even with Christianity (Gerhard 8). However, the case within this specific tradition is a very unique one. In Eastern Orthodoxy, icons are religious works of art, which, although possessing a long history and complexity of manufacture, are centrally concerned with portraying a symbolic message and serving as a tool of worship rather than exhibiting any aesthetic value. The origin of religious concern for representative images does not lie with the Eastern Orthodox faith, nor did it begin with Christianity at all. The Mosaic law of Judaism contained a tenet which read, â€Å"Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth† (Exodus 20:4). Although the English translation appears quite clear, in ancient Judaism, this commandment was a constant subject of argumentation, as many interpreted the word â€Å"image† as closer to â€Å"idol† than any literal image (9). The developing Christian world, however, was nurtured in a land influenced by more than Jewish tradition. The Greek attitude toward images and even image worship was quite favorable. Paintings and statues of their mythical gods and heroes covered classical Greece, while even Rome adopted the Greek imagery into the culture of its own people (12). In addition, the Syrian civilization introduced to the Mediterranean world its own artistic style of frontal poses and large facial features (Cavarnos 14). Israel, the birthplace and location of the ministry of Jesus, was the cradle of Christianity and was centrally Jewish, which usually rejected images unconditionally. However, Christianity was quickly becoming an expanding church, and its increasing acceptance forced Christians throughout the Old World to evaluate their stand on representative images (Gerhard 14). Among the Orthodox tradition, there exists a legend of the first icon, which began with Christ. John Stuart explains: Tradition has it that Abgar, King of Edessa, who was afflicted with leprosy, heard tell that Christ could restore him to health. He accordingly sent one Ananias as an ambassador to Palestine with instructions to find Our Lord and return with him to Edessa. When Ananias finally caught up with him, Christ was addressing a great throng of people. Being unable to approach nearer, Ananias began to sketch the face of Christ, although needless to say, with very little success. But Christ was aware of what Ananias was doing. When he had dismissed the crowds, he took a piece of linen; soaking it in water, he pressed it firmly to his face and then handed it to Ananias. When the latter had taken the towel into his hands, he saw that Christ’s features were clearly imprinted upon it. Christ declined to go to Edessa but promised to send a disciple after his death. And Edessa was to become, in fact, the first Christian state. Meanwhile, Ananias was instructed to take the towel to King Abgar, as a substitute for Christ’s presence. (31) Eventually, with the increasing influx of complete Mediterranean culture in the Christian world, images gained greater acceptance. In the Byzantine area (the region around Constantinople named for the old name of the city, Byzantium), the Christian imagery was mostly affected by the Hellenistic (Greek and Roman) and Syrian culture (Cavarnos 14). The central Hellenistic influence in Christian iconography was the art of mosaics. Early Christians used this technique to decorate the walls, floors, domes, etc of their churches. Syrian art effectively gave rise to the use of frescoes in Christian churches. The third type of icon- the panel icon- is the most widely used in Russia and most other regions of the Orthodox faith. It consists of a picture painted on a chalk-covered wooden panel treated with an egg solution, or tempera (17). The actual process of creating a panel icon is very complex. First, the icon-maker must go search for the correct type of wood. Cypress was used in Greece; birch and oak were often sought after in Russia, as well as was a good, sturdy pine from Siberia (Gerhard 208). After carving the panel into the correct size and shape with an axe or two-handed plane, it is stored away to remove its moisture. This process normally takes five or six years. After this period, gesso, or chalk, is ground onto its surface to prepare the panel for the next step. This step involves the draughtsman, who sketches the basic outline of the picture in charcoal. When this is completed, he removes the charcoal and paints the outline in a black-colored paint. After the fundamental outline of the image is complete, the surface is gilded with an egg-paste mixture to prepare it for the actual pigmented paint (Stuart 42). On the icon, the first sections painted are the background (such as buildings and nature) and the clothing of the subjects involved. Normally, gold ornamentation follows, which involves painting on sticky resin followed by the application of light gold sheets, after which the sheets are polished. Next, the icon-painter begins painting the subjects’ faces. These comprise the most precise skill on the part of the painter, who must endow the faces with the very spirit and life force of the subject in the picture. A layer of varnish, normally comprised of linseed or olive oil is applied. Finally, it is transported to a church for a blessing (Gerhard 210). The icon is then complete. The Byzantine art style is fundamentally different from the classic western style of realistic sketches and Renaissance-type paintings. The icon painter, as a member of this Byzantine tradition, approaches art with symbols in mind, rather than a realistic concept of some natural object (Stuart 25). Much like a Chinese calligrapher wanting to depict a tree in a work of writing composes a specific character meaning â€Å"tree,† rather than drawing any actual tree that he may see or conceptualize, the icon painter creates specific symbolic paintings that illustrate the various religious ideas wishing to be expressed. Truly, iconography is more concerned with symbolism than physical appearances. The object of an icon is to capture the spirit and meaning of what the image is trying to portray. Constantine Cavarnos maintains that â€Å"True iconography is intended to take us beyond anatomy and the three-dimensional world of matter to a realm that is immaterial, spaceless, timeless- the realm of the spirit, of eternity. And hence the forms and colors are not those that one customarily observes around him, but have something unworldly about them† (38). Indeed, these metaphors elicit associations and can give an extended message than what is possible in a work concerned with physical beauty and perspective exactness. It is of importance to note that the colors used in an icon are metaphorical rather than actual; icon colors often do not follow the color patterns in nature. Rather than making sure all the colors are in harmony with natural appearance, the icon painter will seek a harmony with the spiritual message in his art. Colors are very important for this harmony; each color symbolizes an aspect of the icon and gives a special meaning. For instance, deep red and royal purple are symbolic of the blood of Christ and are often used for the shoes of royal figures. Blue represents heaven and the ethereal. The greens and browns are usually used in familiar manners, representing the earth and vegetation- a reminder of our existence on this earth. From scarlet red comes vigor and vitality, a color used for the blood of martyrs and the cloak of St. George. Orange-red symbolizes the purification of the spirit. White suggests purity and colors the garments of Christ and his angels (28). To give a specific example of the abstract nature of icon art, the faces of the characters depicted always are turned facing the viewer- the person giving their respects and their prayers. This rule holds true regardless of the character’s perspective position in their environment (Upensky 60). In fact, not only are the heads facing the viewer, the important figures in the image have their entire body turned outward in this manner. The rest, the less important, are normally subject to the laws of three-dimensional perspectives. Additionally, where those significant figures are generally depicted as stationary, the rest are again interacting with their environment and are often moving (65). Superceding the hassle over the concern of the icon complying with the â€Å"hows† of natural laws and perspectives is the concern of why the natural laws work. This question of â€Å"why?† has always been a consideration for Byzantine religious artists. They do not comply with the classic paintings- those that depict photographically accurate settings; again, icons portray the religious nature and symbolism of their scenes (Stuart 36). A naturalistic painting may show Saint Peter as tall and powerful, completely in perspective with his environment, but an icon will depict him in an unrealistic-looking but completely symbolic and explanatory setting. Icons may be placed in any location, such as a home or shop, but the central location where they are situated is, of course, the church. When one enters an Orthodox church, immediately noticeable is the iconostasis- a giant screen, composed of wood or marble, that supports the panel icons. On top of the iconostasis is a large cross with the figure of the crucified Christ. In Eastern Orthodoxy, there is great significance given to the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, whose icons are placed on the iconostasis to the right and left of Christ (Cavarnos 23). In most church buildings, icons cover most of the interior. As mentioned before, each icon portrays a religious message. When all the icons are displayed, the composite of the images inside the church gives the building an entirely new symbolism. The church is, in effect, a microcosm for the universe, where the iconographic messages reveal the universal plan of eternal salvation (Stuart 38). During church services, the icons are ritually given respect. The deacon of the church wields a censer and directs it toward the icons. This indicates to the congregation that they are to contemplate the icons and understand that the saints painted on the icons are participating in the service in a similar manner as the worshippers themselves (33). Icons in the Eastern Orthodox tradition serve several primary purposes. Most apparent to outsiders is their aesthetic value. They embellish and amplify the beauty of a church. Secondly, they instruct their faithful members in matters of doctrine, many times employing symbols that effectively surpass written doctrine (Cavarnos 30). Icons also remind these members of their faith. Their powerful message serves to remind and awaken the faith of the members of the church. In almost every instance, a saint or holy figure is portrayed on the icon. This serves to set an example for the members of the Eastern Orthodox faith. The righteous individual on the icon gives them a model with which to pattern their lives. This person on the image causes the member to be stirred up in faith and righteous zeal (32). Surpassing all other purposes, the icon is a conduit for prayer and worship (Stuart 29). Each member of the congregation is allowed to light a candle, come to an icon, and make the sign of the cross. They then will reverence the icon with a kiss and say a prayer (Ugolnik 45). The Eastern Orthodox Church makes it very clear, however, that its members are not worshipping the icon, but giving it â€Å"honorable reverence.† Worship is due only to God, and the icon is a medium through which that worship may be expressed (Cavarnos 33). This worship is the ultimate fulfillment of Byzantine iconography. Even with its extensive history and stunning methods of artistry, the sacredness of the icon surpasses all aesthetic and external value. The symbolism of the holy icon is truly the center of Eastern Orthodox worship. It allows its members to transcend their visible physical reality and enter into the ultimate reality, where spiritual truth is juxtaposed with material truth (Stuart 39). It allows one to comprehend the mutual dependence of matter and spirit and truly gives a perspective of far greater significance than the visible temporal universe that one is commonly allowed. Cavarnos, Constantine. Orthodox Iconography. Belmont, Massachusetts: The Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Science, 1977. Gerhard, H.P. The World of Icons. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1971. Stuart, John. Ikons. London: Faber and Faber, 1975. Ugolnok, Anthony. The Illuminating Icon. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989. Upensky, Boris. The Semiotics of the Russian Icon. Lisse: The Peter DeRidder Press, 1976. Research Papers on The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church - Research PaperCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelGenetic EngineeringBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and Autumn

Prenancy woman with sickle cell disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prenancy woman with sickle cell disease - Essay Example The impact of this scheme will assist the next generations in designing the best responses to mothers who are victims of sickle-cell anemia (Glassberg, 2011). The Nursing-family partnership provides local communities with the best home-based approaches specially developed to help a mother from low-income families. The program will be implemented through a comprehensive research initiative to identify mothers with this problem. Medical personnel and Nurses will be deployed in the localities. Each county will have an office where registration will be done. This will be done through professional ethics that require non-disclosure. Visitations will commence after victims have been identified. The program will provide core services such the Nurse-family partnership will provide several services to victim mothers at the local level. Furthermore, the program offers assistance on family planning so that mothers have few chances of sickle cell babies. In addition to this, the program will give consultancy services where mothers will be expected to seek professional counseling and guidance. Providing free and subsidized drugs to mothers to avoid extreme effects to unborn babies The Initiative has been conducted in different states over the past four decades. It was fast conducted in California for pregnant mothers with sickle cell anemia. The outcome was successful because the number of sickle cell cases in California reduced by half in a span of three years after the inception of the partnership. There are consistent program effects of the plans, which include improved prenatal health because drugs were overly effective, fewer infant infections arising from mother-child transmissions, Increased intervals between births due to effective family planning techniques imparted t low-income mothers and improved maternal health due to reduced sickle cell count after further tests were administered. Furthermore, the program offers school readiness for